The Australian Code Of Ethics For Social Work - 1581 Words

The Australian Code of Ethics for Social Work AASW (2003), which replicates the highest international ethical standards, conditions a respectable social worker to exhibit ethical awareness in their field of work, whilst observing the standards of accountability (Hugman, Pittaway Bartolomei 2011, p.1272). Social workers, indifferent to their type of service are encouraged to promote ethical values and standards. However, the shift to ethics in research involving human participation was particularly concerning especially after the insensitive research practices involving human subjects in Nazi Germany during the WW2. The abuses led to the establishment of the Nuremberg Code, which highlighted a number of key principles that continues to†¦show more content†¦Informed consent gives the participant the choice of agreeing to part-take in the research whilst simultaneously encompasses the responsibility of the researcher to deliver all the information about the study, its purpose , results, harm, sponsors and the identity of the researchers to the potential participants (McLaughlin 2006, 64). However, several populations, such as children, person with intellectual or mental disabilities will face barriers in comprehending the given information (Wiles, Health, Crow Charles, 2005; Campbell 1997, p.32). As NCRM manifested, from the field of psychology it has been demonstrated that different methods of information provision impacts the individuals understanding of the research (Wiles, Health, Crow Charles, 2005). This is particularly a fundamental challenge with groups such as refugees as researchers need to be extra cautious when providing information so the implication of the research is understood. For example, in many instances refugees are shocked to find their stories in public domains through DVDs and magazine, displaying they were unable to understand the repercussions of a released DVD or media article despite giving informed consent (Pittaway, Bartol omei Hugman 2010, p.233). Furthermore, researchers negotiate access to participants through a range of gatekeepers such as school, organisations and care settings who have no legal rights in the

Reflections On Winkler s Gunfight The Battle Over The...

Perez 6 Lauren Perez Professor Nix Govt 2305 Tues Thurs 12:15-1:30 4/23/2015 Reflections on Winkler’s ‘Gunfight: The Battle over the Right to Bear Arms in America’ In his book ‘Gunfight: The Battle over the Right to Bear Arms in America,’ Wrinkler tried to present an unbiased view towards the second amendment in the light of historical events and landmark cases that has tried to challenge or obtain the court’s interpretation. One of such cases is the ‘District of Columbia v. Heller’ case, which was argued and decided in 2008 (Supreme Court of the United States). For several instances, the provision in the Second Amendment that pertains to the right of an individual to bear arms has been contested. In fact, the clause, which states that â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed†, is perhaps the most misconstrued clause in the American constitution (Supreme Court of the United States). Adding to the significance of this highly debatable clause is the fact that a flurry of gun related incidences has happened in the United States in the past that has taken many lives including that of children. Among the most significant authors that has attempted to answer the question or at least laid out the possibilities regarding the second amendment is Adam Wrinkler. In light of Winkler’s arguments as well as with other sources, this paper will examine the historical

Caribbean Music free essay sample

Its widespread popularity, especially in the United States and urban centers in Africa, teems from its infectious rhythms, the brilliance of such performers as Jamaican singer Bob Marled, and the compelling nature of its calls for social Justice. Calypso, a style of music from Trinidad, and coca, a lighter, dance-oriented variant of calypso, have also achieved some international renown. Both styles help attract thousands of tourists to Trinidad each year for the carnival season.The French Caribbean has also produced its own synthetic musical styles, notably compass, the popular music of Haiti, and ouzo, a danceable style from Guadalupe and Martinique that incorporates elements of funk music. I I HISTORY I Caribbean music history begins with the Native Americans who inhabited the islands before the arrival of Europeans. Spanish chronicles describe some of the musical practices of the indigenous peoples, including a ceremony known as aerate, in which participants sang and danced in circles around an ensemble playing slit-drums (made from hollowed logs), rattles, and other percussion instruments. We will write a custom essay sample on Caribbean Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By 1600, however, most Native Americans of the Caribbean had perished, along with their music and culture. Subsequent Caribbean music emerged as products of the interactions between African slaves and European settlers. Scholars draw distinctions between settler colonies, such as Cuba and Puerco Rice, and plantation colonies, such as those in the British West Indies. The settler colonies attracted large numbers of Europeans and hosted lively Creole music cultures.And with their large free black populations and relatively late ongoing imports of slaves, the settler colonies tended to allow for the preservation and continued vitality of neo-African music practices. In the 19th century, the local bourgeoisie in these colonies cultivated lively, nationalistic Creole music cultures, encompassing such genres as the Hibernia ND Dana ¶n. In the British plantation colonies, cultural repression appears to have been more severe, and the slave trade ended earlier, so that neo-African traditions declined.At the same time, Creole bourgeois music failed to evolve in plantation colonies because of the small number of European residents. In the 20th century, the advent of the mass media-?particularly phonograph r ecords and radio broadcasts-? stimulated the emergence of commercial popular dance music styles, often at the expense of traditional folk music. While these new pop styles were influenced by and, o some extent, were in competition with popular music from the United States, they the sass, the Cuban son, Trinitarian calypso, Dominican meringue, and Haitian mringer were thriving as distinctly local pop idioms.The Cuban-derived bolero became popular throughout much of Latin America by the sass. In the sass the big-band format was adapted from American Jazz to the Cuban mambo, the Dominican meringue, and the Puerco Rican plane, another distinctive Creole style. By the sass, smaller ensembles became more common as amplifiers and electric instruments became widely available and bandleaders sought to avoid the high cost f maintaining big bands. During this period, communities of Caribbean immigrants in North American cities came to play crucial roles in creating and spreading Caribbean popular music.In particular, New York City emerged as a dynamic center for the production and consumption of Latin and West Indian popular music. In the sass and sass, salsa emerged as a highly popular reinterpretation of Cuban dance music, while Jamaican reggae took the world by storm. Leading performers of both genres, including salsa singer Rubn Blades and reggae singer Bob Marled, promoted a sense of socio-political idealism, optimism, and activism.However by the sass, the dominant Latin music genres in the region were the more sentimental, apolitical salsa romantic and the generally light-hearted meringue. Similarly, the sass style of roots reggae, or foundation reggae, gave way in the sass to a new style called dance-hall, which featured boasting, erotic, or topical lyrics rapped in a semicolon style over driving, repetitive rhythms. During the sass, a new generation of talented performers emerged from the Caribbean, including Jamaican dance-hall artist Bug Baboon and Dominican singer Juan Luis Guard.

Management Communication for European Management-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement Communication for European Management Journal. Answer: Virtual and remote working is the reality of modern workplaces. According to Hoch and Kozlowski (2014), sound communication is the critical part for the success of virtual teams. However, I have designed a new marketing virtual team, which is located at several places like Sydney, Beijing, Mumbai and New York. In this memo, I am going to discuss about the advantages as well as disadvantages of leading and managing a virtual team. It is also important to identify some of the critical areas which need to be addressed while leading such teams. In addition to this, I will provide some recommendations and finally the conclusion. Let me first start by giving an introduction of virtual teams. A virtual team usually refers to the group of individuals who perform together from various geographic areas by relying on the communication technology, like FAX, video conferencing, email or other services to collaborate. The term, in simpler way, refers to the work groups who work together across all the organizational levels, asynchronously. Mukherjee et al. (2012) define the term as a group of organizationally, geographically and time dispersed workers, who are brought together by telecommunication and information technologies in order to accomplish organizational tasks. Advantages With the advancement of information technology, ever growing demand of the target consumers, employee expectations, globalization and the ever increasing competitive environment, organizations have started adopting the culture of virtual teams. The virtual teams are growing into popularity and have their own benefits. At first, comes the affordability factor. Companies pay only for the support level they require for setting up the virtual teams. The overall costs are much lower than the ones with professional support. There are no overhead costs as well for the associated services like office space, computer, communication between the virtual teams and in-house staffs and benefits. In addition to the above mentioned factors the companies are able to provide the teams with flexible support. They identify the requirement easily, like the need for junior recruiter or senior compensation analyst and others and the virtual teams fill up the needs. As per their needs, the companies set their service length. Moreover, the virtual teams offer accessibility to a multiple number of disciplines in various geographical regions. Another advantage of the virtual team is their ability to assemble the most talented group of individuals from various parts of the world, in order to complete a complex project. This in turn, will bring in huge creativity as well as innovation within the teams. On the practical level, virtual teams have the power to save the employees time and also cut their travel expenses (Morgan, Paucar-Caceres and Wright 2014). Disadvantages With advantages, come certain disadvantages as well. There are some disadvantages or say challenges, of managing and leading virtual teams. Gaining an understanding of the disadvantages those are inherent in the virtual teams enable the organization become more efficient and successful. This can be done by particularly avoiding those mistakes which lead to nothing, but failure. The challenges lie in various areas like communication, poor leadership and poor management. According to Ayoko, Konrad and Boyle (2012), communication can be a major factor here, as the employees do not belong to the same physical location and can present some communication issues. However, the organizations can leverage technology in order to reduce this major problem that is, video conferencing, detailed email updates, phone discussions, project management software and others. In addition to this, Daim et al. (2012) mentioned that poor leadership as well as management can also affect the concept of virtual teams. It is highly essential for the team leaders of the virtual teams to have the capability of managing virtual employees and take initiatives so that they have a clear vision of the organizational goals. Moreover, incompetent team members also pose a great threat to the concept of virtual teams. A weak team member can affect the whole team, adversely. Furthermore, recruiting the right members plays a very critical role in the overall success of the virtual teams. Recommendations I would like to recommend my team members to manage and lead virtual teams effectively as a virtual team has the power to yield several benefits for the organization. It can be an ideal solution for a start up or many business needs of small organizations. The organizations which are delivering these business services are finding themselves in the growing and innovative niche. To sum up, organizing virtual teams can prove to be highly beneficial for the companies. It is true that there are certain disadvantages but managing them in an effective manner can change the business pattern and yield better outcomes. Finally, I hope that this solves the query of virtual teams and I am happy to be a part of it. For further information, feel free to contact me. Thank you References Ayoko, O.B., Konrad, A.M. and Boyle, M.V., 2012. Online work: Managing conflict and emotions for performance in virtual teams.European Management Journal,30(2), pp.156-174. Daim, T.U., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W. and Bhatla, A., 2012. Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), pp.199-212. Hoch, J.E. and Kozlowski, S.W., 2014. Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), p.390. Morgan, L., Paucar-Caceres, A. and Wright, G., 2014. Leading effective global virtual teams: The consequences of methods of communication.Systemic Practice and Action Research,27(6), pp.607-624. Mukherjee, D., Lahiri, S., Mukherjee, D. and Billing, T.K., 2012. Leading virtual teams: how do social, cognitive, and behavioral capabilities matter?.Management Decision,50(2), pp.273-290.

Definition of the Liberalism Ideology

Free Essays on College Admissions

High School is a strange time. After three years of trying to develop an identity and friends in grammar school, students are expected to mature immediately on the first day of ninth grade, but I never did this. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success, as measured by GPA, would be to my future life, and as a result I am applying to college with seemingly contradictory measures of my ability to perform college-level work. If I had worked and studied hard rather than hanging out with friends and viewing high school as a chance to socialize, I would not have to apply to school with an 890 SAT and a 2.5 GPA. Had I taken my grades in my earlier years seriously, I could have been a college’s dream candidate. This year I have made my earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. However, after performing poorly for these three years, my GPA cannot reflect the transformation I underwent at the start of this year. Dedicated to making something of myself, I finally matured an am now trying to lessen the consequences of my past actions. Armed with my attitude and my understanding of the extreme importance of earning good grades to signal my capacity to work responsibly, I assure you will never revert to the student I once was. In retrospect, I believe that it was my inability to choose my classes that resulted in my lack of enthusiasm on the ride to school each morning. I enjoy the freedom to pursue my own interests and anxiously anticipate choosing my own class schedule in college. While I understand that college will be significantly more challenging in high school, I have always found it easier to study for a class that interests me. I am also willing to accept the fact that as long as I am in school, I will be forced to take required course that I might be less enthusiastic about. However, with my new goal-oriented nature, I ... Free Essays on College Admissions Free Essays on College Admissions High School is a strange time. After three years of trying to develop an identity and friends in grammar school, students are expected to mature immediately on the first day of ninth grade, but I never did this. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success, as measured by GPA, would be to my future life, and as a result I am applying to college with seemingly contradictory measures of my ability to perform college-level work. If I had worked and studied hard rather than hanging out with friends and viewing high school as a chance to socialize, I would not have to apply to school with an 890 SAT and a 2.5 GPA. Had I taken my grades in my earlier years seriously, I could have been a college’s dream candidate. This year I have made my earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. However, after performing poorly for these three years, my GPA cannot reflect the transformation I underwent at the start of this year. Dedicated to making something of myself, I finally matured an am now trying to lessen the consequences of my past actions. Armed with my attitude and my understanding of the extreme importance of earning good grades to signal my capacity to work responsibly, I assure you will never revert to the student I once was. In retrospect, I believe that it was my inability to choose my classes that resulted in my lack of enthusiasm on the ride to school each morning. I enjoy the freedom to pursue my own interests and anxiously anticipate choosing my own class schedule in college. While I understand that college will be significantly more challenging in high school, I have always found it easier to study for a class that interests me. I am also willing to accept the fact that as long as I am in school, I will be forced to take required course that I might be less enthusiastic about. However, with my new goal-oriented nature, I ...

POPULATION, MIGRATION AND ENVIRONMENT Research Paper

POPULATION, MIGRATION AND ENVIRONMENT - Research Paper Example Population is the total number of people living in the same geographical area such as state or country. Population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a given time period. Population growth rate refers to the rate at which the number of people increases over a unit time period. Several scholars argued that every individual made an impact on earth, however, the exact impact was influenced by other factors such as the average affluence of the population. Changes in population occur due to factors related to births, deaths and migration. Increase in population growth can occur due to increasing number of births or through immigration. Migration is the movement by people from one geographical location to another. Population growth is known to have significant negative impact on the environment. Impact refers to the amount of a particular kind of environmental degradation. Environmental impacts are a product of population, affluence and technology. Impact on the environment is understood as the deterioration of the resource base, the decline of ecosystems and production of waste (Robbins, et al., 2010). The role of population growth in environmental degradation differs from place to place, from time to time. Environmental degradation is a combined result of population growth, the growth in production that is, in economic development and technology applied to the transformation process. Population growth leads to depletion of resources therefore being a trigger to social and economic burden. These resources include food, water, soils and land. People may over-use non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels and renewable resources such as forests to non-existence. Australia and New Zealand environments have been affected by increase in human population. Social and economic activities may lead to emission of air and water pollutants, greenhouse gases and

Comprehensive care plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comprehensive care plan - Term Paper Example The medical examination conducted on the patient revealed significant degenerative changes in both hip joints, which were observed on the X-ray films. The surgeon recommended a total replacement of the right hip coupled with a total replacement of the left hip to follow in a period of 6 to 12 months. This article contains a comprehensive nursing care for a resident who has osteoarthritis and undergoes joint replacement surgery. The RN completed a nursing history and examination of Mr Powell on admission. The medical records indicate that the patient suffers from mild Parkinson’s disease. Mr Powell is currently taking carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet 25-100) four times a day to control his symptoms. There have been no other reports of chronic medical conditions. The RN reported that the patient been essentially healthy his entire life. Moreover, Mr Powell has no known allergies to medications, has no history of smoking, and consumes small amounts of alcohol. The medical examination conducted by the RN notes that the patient is alert and oriented. Mr Powell’s medical examination reported vital signs at BP 116/64, P 68 regular, R 18, T 97.4Â °F (36.3Â °C) PO. Marginal pulses are strong and equal in the upper extremities and slightly weaker but equivalent in the lower extremities. The patient’s feet are cool to the touch but have an immediate capillary refill. Mr Powell’s shoulders, wr ists and elbows indicated full ROM. On the other hand, the ROM of both hips is significantly restricted. The pain on both sides in prompted by hip flexion beyond 90 degrees. Also, both flexion and extension of the knees are slightly limited. Mr Powell has a shuffling gait and walks with a limp, favouring his right hip. Preoperative laboratory studies and CBC were conducted on the patient. The coagulation studies and urinalysis show a serum creatinine of 1.7 mg/dL and BUN of 30 mg/dL, with no other noted abnormal values. His ECG and chest X-ray indicate

Marketing Practices of China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Practices of China - Research Paper Example The article from the Financial Times examines the activities of the HNA business group of China. The group is the first investment company from China to start purchasing property around the world. It indulges in purchases across various sectors ranging from the shipping industry, hotel industry and airline industry in various countries across the globe (Lemer and Rabinovitch 23). The company has a lot of capital and is increasingly obtaining more property around the world. The CEO of the group tells the writer of the article that they will purchase more companies outside his country. This will be because the financial crisis around the globe affects many companies. They will purchase those companies which are in debt since they will be cheap to acquire (Lemer and Rabinovitch 24). The other investment companies in China only invest their money in natural resources when investing outside their country. The company’s global focus comes after their witnessing of growth in their do mestic activities (Luo 15). The business uses diverse marketing strategies and professional management styles that bring it success. The businesses future plans are to spread their investment activities to other continents around the globe such as Africa and the South American continents. The company invests in a series of industries that have relations to one another. Their investments are in various industries ranging from the airline industry, the hotel industry, the shipping industry and the entertainment industry (Lemer and Rabinovitch 24). ... This will be because the financial crisis around the globe affects many companies. They will purchase those companies which are in debt since they will be cheap to acquire (Lemer and Rabinovitch 24). The other investment companies in China only invest their money in natural resources when investing outside their country. The company’s global focus comes after their witnessing of growth in their domestic activities (Luo 15). The business uses diverse marketing strategies and professional management styles that bring it success. The businesses future plans are to spread their investment activities to other continents around the globe such as Africa and the South American continents. The company invests in a series of industries that have relations to one another. Their investments are in various industries ranging from the airline industry, the hotel industry, the shipping industry and the entertainment industry (Lemer and Rabinovitch 24). The business is aware of the concerns a nd actions of their competitors and has measures to stop them. They plan to increase their investment in the financial and insurance industries in countries that are willing to accept their initiatives. However, management claims that they do not intend to invest in countries where the regimes are wary of their activities. This they say will not be good for their business activities and will not also enhance their growth activities. The management of the business also claims that all their activities are done in accordance with the existing rules and regulations (Lemer and Rabinovitch 23). The second article from Forbes magazine examines the chances of success for Chinese brands around the globe. The author states that their success is dependent on the favor they get

Relationship Between Rubber Hand Illusion And Interoceptive Awareness

Relationship Between Rubber Hand Illusion And Interoceptive Awareness When and artificial hand is placed in a position compatible with the participants own posture, i.e. a position that is plausible anatomically with regard to the participants body, then the combination of visual input from the rubber hand and tactile stimulation to the participants hidden hand produces the feeling that the rubber hand is part of the body in around half of participants. The incidence of the illusion as well as its intensity is substantially reduced when the visual and tactile stimuli are applied asynchronously, so that the feeling on the hand is not matched by what the participant sees on the rubber hand. This reduction also occurs when the rubber hand is put in a posture that is anatomically implausible(e.g. Tsakiris Haggard, 2005). The term interoception was coined by Charles Sherrington (1907) in the same paper that he introduces the terms proprioception and exteroception. in the original definition, the term referred solely to visceral sensations. However, now it has come to encompass the physiological state of the body as a whole, and the mechanism by which afferent information reaches conscious awareness and affects behaviour, which can occur both indirectly and directly. Interoception relates to the way in which people perceive feelings from their bodies that affect mood, the sense of well-being and even emotions (Cameron, 2002). The field of interoception has been aided greatly by the advent of functional imaging. Thus far, research has been limited in its scope to contribute to the understanding of self-awareness and, by extension, consciousness. The rubber hand illusion has important implications for interoception because it implies that information from proprioceptors- the mechanoreceptors in the hand and arm- can be overridden fairly easily by visual information. However, it is important to remember that it is not visual information alone that the participant is subject to; they are also receiving proprioceptive input to their unseen hand. Ramachandran (2005) suggests that rather than the more cognitive Helmholtzian unconscious inference explanation posited by others (e.g. Lackner, 1988), the rubber hand illusion can be explained from a Bayesian perspective. Several (e.g. Alais Burr, 2004; Ernst Banks, 2002) have shown that adults are able to integrate information both within and between senses in what appears to be a statistically optimal (Bayes-optimal) fashion. The fact that Bayesian models fit human behavioural results so well fits with the evidence that synchronous stimulation in two modalities can bring about chang es in interoception. In a more natural environment, the probability of seeing something in the outside world being stimulated and feeling identical stimulation on a consistent body part is vanishingly unlikely and so it seems unsurprising that the neural machinery that fuses information between the senses is subject to this illusion. A more recent experiment has shown that both the afferent and efferent elements of the body in motion are able to influence the feeling of ownership (Tsakiris, Prabhu Haggard, 2006). The authors found that the rubber hand illusion could be elicited solely on the basis of hand movements. In a variation on the methodology, participants had a virtual hand projected to the front of them while their own hand was hidden. Both the participants index finger and the same finger of the virtual hand underwent up and down motions, which could be done either actively or passively. When movements were in synchrony, participants reported that they felt as if their own hand was nearer the virtual hand than when motion was asynchronous as in the classic illusion. Under the passive condition, as in the classic condition, the illusion is a result of integration of visual and proprioceptive information. Conversely, there is also efferent information signalling that the finger is moving in the active co ndition. One difference between the conditions was that the proprioceptive drift only affected the index finger in the passive condition. The rest of the fingers were not perceived as being closer to the virtual hand. However, in the active condition, proprioceptive drift affected the whole hand. Therefore, the effect was more local when afferent information alone was available, but more global when there was efferent information as well. Tsakiris et al came to the conclusion that efferent information can influence interoception and the sense of bodily ownership by unifying the body into a coherent whole. One possible argument against the view that the rubber hand illusion shows that visual information can override proprioceptive information is that the participant may simply be speaking metaphorically when they say that they feel as if the rubber hand is part of their body. This problem arises from the fact that measures of the extent of the elusion are based on self report. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) studies have examined whether the rubber hand is truly incorporated into the participants body image. Evolutionarily, it is necessary to protect the body from physical harm, and so threat to they body elicits feelings of anxiety, the withdrawal tendency, and increased autonomic arousal (e.g. Cooke Graziano, 2003; Kalisch et al, 2005). Therefore, it seems fair to say that for something to qualify as being part of the body, the brains homeostatic mechanisms should react as if it is when it is under threat. This hypothesis has received support from the fact that hitting the table near t he false hand with a hammer leads to increased GSR during the rubber hand illusion (Armel Ramachandran, 2003). There was no change in GSR during the control condition in which the rubber and real hands were stimulated asynchronously. Ehrsson et al (2007) have gone even further than this and shown using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging that areas of the brain associated with interoception, i.e. the anterior cingulate cortex and insula are active during the rubber hand illusion. The convexity cortex of the anterior cingulate and cingulate cortex have been shown to become active during both the experience of pain and anticipation of it (e.g. Craig et al, 1996; Wager et al, 2004). The anterior insular cortex has also been shown to become active during pain anticipation, the experience of pain and also pain empathy (e.g. Singer et al, 2004). Furthermore, coactivation of these regions during experiments has been linked to interoceptive awareness and emotional processing (Farrell, Laird Egan, 2005; Craig, 2003). The authors suggested that the activity they found in response to threat to the rubber hand most likely reflected participants anxiety as they were elevated more when the participant felt ownership of the rubber hand than when they did not. Significantly, this activity was specific to threats to the body and was not seen in response to empathy for pain or looking at the syringe (which was used to threaten the rubber hand). This is strong evidence that the rubber hand illusion leads to changes in the participants interoception. Tsakaris (2010) describes the rubber hand illusion as a model example of how the normal sense of embodiment works, and argues that it can be used to examine how the experience of the body as belonging to the individual comes about, is maintained, and perhaps even how it can be disturbed. He puts forward a neurocognitive model in which body ownership is the result of interactions between current information from all of the senses and internal models regarding the body. This model begins with pre-existing models of the body that are stored in the right temporo-parietal junction. These allow distinction between objects that may be embodied and those that may not. Subsequently, on-line postural and anatomical representations of the body (in the secondary somatosensory cortex) allow modulation of this multisensory information. This in turn allows the visual and haptic co-ordinate systems to be recalibrated in order to respond to current demands of the environment. This is done by the vent ral premotor and posterior parietal cortices, which contain neurons that code for recalibration of the hand-centred co-ordinate system. This results in referral of haptic sensation that leads to subjective experiences of body ownership, which arises in the right posterior insula. Some similar ideas are expressed by de Vignemont. She argues that bodily sensations are experience through a multimodal spatial representation of ones body. This view leads directly to the prediction that the sense of ownership of the body should be influenced by information in the visual modality, as in the rubber hand illusion. She also points out that proprioceptive information decays very quickly while the hand is stationary, and that it is often vision that dominates the other sensory modalities (e.g. Welch and Warren, 1986). This provides further support for the idea that the spatial content of haptic sensations should rely more on the visual modality than proprioception. This can account for the fact that when Botvinick and Cohen asked their participants to reach towards the hand that had been stimulated (using their other hand), this motion was displaced toward the rubber hand rather than their unseen hand. This distortion of proprioception and the sense of the location of th e body comes from the emphasis on information in the visual modality, which can also account for the subjective feeling of ownership of the hand. This results from the localisation of the haptic information within a representation of the body that has been constructed from the information available to the participant. In the illusion, the descriptive aspect of the haptic sensation is accurate, however, the spatial aspect has been shifted. Craig (2009) examines the role of the insula in interoceptive awareness in areas as diverse as gastric distension, heartbeat and pain. He identifies awareness of bodily movements (rather than the sense of agency regarding movements) as a possible role for the insular cortex, as well as speech, self recognition and various emotions, describing an emotional salience network in which insular cortical areas feature. He also suggests that the anterior insular cortex plays a role in performance maintenance in which it is put at the heart of the switch to self reflective networks from central executive functioning. The insula is argued to contain representations of the self at every moment in time and to provide comparison between representations at different points in time. The predictive role that this implies may explain the role of the insula in emotions such as anxiety. He also examines the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in interoception and self awareness, noting its numerous c onnections with the insular cortex. He also posits an evolutionary theory, wherein the anterior cingulate and anterior insular cortex developed independently, but subsequently came to have more integrated functioning that performed the role of interoception, specifically managing autonomic activity. He argues that this explains the close relationship of the two areas in various neuroimaging studies. In conclusion, the rubber hand illusion has provided much insight into human interoception. It has revealed the different kinds of information involved in this process by showing how it can be tricked, as well as the flexibility inherent in the system. Neuroimaging studies using the illusion have revealed the mediating brain areas, which in turn leads to tantalising hints about how the conscious sense of the body arises. The experience of ownership of the body may be a significant aspect of self-specificity. This illustrated by the different ways that multisensory integration and internal models of the body are able to manipulate important psychological and even physical elements of the self, the prime example being the rubber hand illusion. Interoception has important implications for some groups of patients, in particular amputees. The rubber hand illusion has shown how outside objects can fairly easily be integrated into the body image. The withdrawal reactions that are elicited f rom participants are the same in kind to those that arise when replacement limbs are under threat.

Good and Evil in The Horses :: Horses

Good and Evil in The Horses    The concepts of good and evil resonate throughout the work of the Scottish poet Edwin Muir. In Muir’s important poem â€Å"The Horses,† guilt and innocence, good and evil, are also in the plainest view. But the poem is not sabotaged artistically because of it, as so many such poems are. â€Å"The Horses† is about the unexpected return, after an apocalypse, of new horses that restore the â€Å"long lost archaic companionship† with the surviving humans. The narrator condemns the â€Å"old bad world† that wreaked the damage: Barely a twelvemonth after The seven days war that put the world to sleep, Late in the evening the strange horses came. By then we had made our convenant with silence, But in the first few days it was so still We listened to our breathing and were afraid. On the second day The radios failed; we turned the knobs; no answer. But on the third day a warship passed us, heading north, Dead bodies piled on the deck. On the sixth day A plane plunged over us into the sea. Thereafter Nothing. The radios dumb. And still they stand in corners of our kitchens, And stand, perhaps, turned on, in a million rooms, All over the world. But now if they should speak, If on a sudden they should speak again If on the stroke of noon a voice should speak, We would not listen, we would not let it bring That old bad world that swallowed its children quick At one great gulp. We would not have it again . . . Have Armageddon and its aftermath ever been more powerfully, more palpably imagined? And yet, I do not think that the poem’s extraordinary vividness is the greatest strength of â€Å"The Horses.† Its special power is in the way cataclysm evokes Muir’s most abiding theme: the renewal of that â€Å"long-lost archaic† bond between life and the world even in the face of catastrophe (â€Å"Our life is changed; their coming our beginning†).

Life Before the Internet Essay

Comparison-contrast essay It is hard to imagine life before the internet isn’t it? I have been using it half of my life, but today’s generation of children are growing up without ever knowing what it was like. The internet is a wonderful invention that makes life easier. The internet has truly changed the world as we know it. Forever changed are the ways of completing everyday tasks such as schooling, job searching, keeping up with the news of the world and even socializing. Before the internet became established in every home, newspapers and the evening news were the only way to know what was going on in the world around us. Now a days you no longer have to stay awake to watch the eleven o’clock news come on. All you have to now is a few strokes of the keyboard and you can find out what is happening in any part of the world you want. Social networking has also seen a change as technology has progressed. We now have many more options available to keep in contact with friends and family. Although telephones are still commonly used to call Aunt Sue to wish her a happy birthday, websites such as My Space and Facebook have made it increasingly simple to keep up to date on what is going on in loved ones lives. Simply sign on to one of these websites and instant â€Å"status updates† fill the computer screen. You can find out from your living room in Florida that your family member in New York received two feet of snow this morning, and even instantly see the pictures to prove it. In addition to the advantages of Social Networking, students of today are at a great advantage. The convenience of online courses is growing increasingly popular. People no longer have to be in a classroom at a set time and listen to a lecture for three hours by a professor or teacher. Today, you can log on from virtually anywhere or anytime and read and respond to a lecture online. Research for an assignment has also been made easier. Previously, if someone needed to do research, they would have to go to a library and sift through reference books, newspapers, microfiche and other printed materials, then make copies or printouts. With today’s technology, resources like the online library and internet news sites are available to you at the click of the mouse. Job searching and resume posting have become much more painless as well. Instead of looking at classifieds in the Sunday paper and spending the day driving around town with a handful of resumes, you can now go on one of the abundant job search websites like Career Builder. com or Monster. com and post your resume to a perspective employer in minutes, saving great time, effort and gas money. As Mr.  Kuhn stated in The American Economic Review (2004), The use of internet job and recruiting sites is usually free for applicants and much cheaper for firms that traditional advertisements (P. Kuhn, 2004) As time moves forward, it is becoming increasingly difficult to remember what life was like before the internet. For some of today’s youth, the internet in it’s current form has always existed. Gone are the days of waiting, everything is available in an instant, by the click of a mouse, or the stroke of a keyboard. It has made life more convenient and offers many tools to succeed academically, socially, and professionally.

Societys Hazards essays

Society's Hazards essays Societys Hazards Why is it that we wish for better times? Do you remember your parents saying, Back in the good ol days...? Have you caught yourself saying, Man, I remember when...? The truth is that we all have asked this of ourselves. Todays society is stressful and dangerous. Children are forced to learn faster, they are pushed to succeed, and taught they are survival of the fittest. Adults are stressed because they didnt get there bonus, promotion, or there home situation is deteriorating. In todays racing society, elementary students are being taught things we didnt learn until junior high. I remember my psychology professor telling us a story about his english teacher in seventh grade and what assignments they had to do. We laughed and told him that we did those type of assignments in fourth grade. His response was, Really? Geesh! Teenagers are told school is most important. The importance is stressed so much that when they get unacceptable grades, they sometimes cant cope with the stress. Teenage suicides have sky rocketed because they see themselves as failures and useless. They are taught to be the best in all situations, whether it be academics, popularity, or wealth. As we move towards a less religiuos society, morals have left. The children have been taught evolution and have reduced humanity to a pile of goo. Life is an accident and holds no meaning. As we have seen, kids are become less troubled by taking another Adults, also, have a problem with this exhausting society. We, as a society, are very materialistic. Material things are not necessarily bad, but when they become our goal there is never enough. We strive for that next promotion, that better car, that bigger house. When we dont reach these goals, we see ourselves as failures. The result is we ...

Cartoon Strip Social Interactions

Cartoon Strip Social Interactions Introduced as Cartoon Strip Conversations by Carol Gray, creator of Social Stories, cartoon strips are an effective way to support the instruction of appropriate interactions to children with language and social deficits, especially children with autism spectrum disorders. Children with autism, or children with other social deficits due intellectual or physical challenges face difficulty with acquisition, performance and fluency in social skills. Cartoon Strip Social Interactions support all levels of challenge. For children who have difficulty with Acquisition, The cartoon strip offers very explicit, visual, step by step information on how to interact. For a child with difficulty with Performance, writing the interaction phrases in the bubbles creates a practice that will enhance performance. Finally, for children who have not attained Fluency, the Cartoon strip will give them opportunities to build fluency and mentor children who are still acquiring the skills. In each case, cartoon strips provide opportunities to acquire and practice social interactions that meet them where they are at. This is differentiation at its best. Using Cartoon Strip Interactions Not everyone can draw, so I have created resources for you to use. The cartoon strips have four to six boxes and have pictures of the people participating in the interactions. I am offering a range of interactions: requests, greetings, initiating social interactions, and negotiations. I also offer these across milieux: many children do not understand that we interact differently with an adult, especially an unfamiliar adult or an adult in authority, than we do with a peer in an informal social situation. These nuances need to be pointed out and students need to learn criteria to figure out the unwritten social conventions. Introduce the concepts: What is a request, or an initiation? You need to teach and model these first. Have a typical student, an aide, or a high functioning student help you model: A request: Could you help me find the library?A Greeting: Hi, Im Amanda. Or, Hello, Dr. Williams. Its nice to see you.An interaction initiation: Hi, Im Jerry. I dont think weve met before. Whats your name?A Negotiation: Can I have a turn? How about after five minutes? Can I set the alarm on my watch? Templates for Comic Strips for making requests. Templates and lesson plans for Comic Strips for Initiating Interactions with Groups. Model creating a strip: Walk through each step of creating your strip. Use an ELMO projector or an overhead. How will you start your interaction? What are some greetings you can use? Generate a number of different ideas, and write them on chart paper where you can refer to them again, later. The large Post It Notes from 3M are great because you can stack them and stick them around the room. Write: Have students copy your interaction: You will have them decide on their own greetings, etc., after they have done one conversation together and practiced it. Student Role Play: Lead your students through practicing the interaction you have created together: you might have them rehearse in pairs and then have a few groups perform for everyone: you can have all perform or a few depending on the size of your group. If you videotape the interaction, you can have students evaluate each others performance. Evaluate: Teaching your students to evaluate their own performance and the performance of their peers will help them generalize the same activity when they are in public. We typical folks do it all the time: Did that go well with the boss? Maybe that joke about his tie was a little off color. Hmmmm . . . hows the resume? Coach and prompt the elements you want students to evaluate, such as: Eye contact: are they looking at the person they are addressing. Do that count to 5 or 6, or do they stare?Proximity: Did they stand a good distance for a friend, a stranger, or an adult?Voice and pitch: Was their voice loud enough? Did they sound friendly?Body Language: Did they have quiet hands and feet? Were their shoulders turned to the person they were addressing? Teach Feedback Skills: Typical kids have trouble with this since in general, teachers are not very good at giving or receiving constructive criticism. Feedback is the only way we learn from our performance. Give it kindly and generously, and expect your students to start doing it. Be sure to include Pats (good stuff,) and Pans (not so good stuff.) Ask students for 2 pats for every pan: i.e.: Pat: You had good eye contact and a good pitch. Pan: You didnt stand still.

Improving Math Skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Improving Math Skills - Research Paper Example At their grade level, they are expected to memorize basic math facts. However, it seems they cannot recall such basic information and have to rely on finger counting or touch math. In order to help them, I had to research on available strategies to implement on them during extra sessions outside class hours so their academic daily routine will not be disrupted. This action research paper attempts to help students with learning disabilities in math using the program, Mastering Math Facts (Otter Creek Institute, 2003), a math drill program aimed at improving recall of basic math operational facts. To state the problem simply, This study was conducted with five students from three different fourth grade classrooms who each have been diagnosed with learning disabilities in Math. Due to time constraints since the study was done towards the end of the schoolyear, and the students’ difficulty to move on to the next levels because of their learning disability, the expected completion of the program was not met. Also, all of the data was collected in the resource classroom when the students were pulled out of their regular classes. Implementing this program in the regular classroom by the classroom teacher to all students might improve reliability. Although the first trials have been promising, leading one to accept that the program, Mastering Math Facts, is an effective strategy to improve math skills in basic math operations, results are not generalizable to the population of students with learning disabilities. This action research study is an ambitious attempt to help students in need. Having learning disabilities in math is an impediment for students who need to go through the tedious and progressive math program throughout their school lives. For regular students, math concepts can only go more complicated as they master basic concepts and skills. How much more for students with learning

Critical Reflection Journal Teaching Towards Article

Critical Reflection Journal Teaching Towards - Article Example In this regard, if a teacher expects to produce competent students with high abilities of learning how to learn, the teacher needs not to lose focus on the situatedness, vantage point as well as the development and construction of meanings with regards to the contents taught (Green, 1997). This is very important in ensuring that the students are kept abreast with everything necessary for productive academic performance. It is significant to note that communication is important in every sector of development in the modern world. In this regard, the modern teaching and learning should embrace the issue of communication at all costs (Green, 1997). This should be nothing less than a productive form of communication. The communications should ensure that the thoughts and aspirations must be communicated amicably between the learners as well as the teachers in order to dispel any form of misunderstanding that may arise due to communication failure. This is important in creating an enabling environment where each party feels valued thereby becomes more interested as well as active in all forms of undertakings. Green, M. (1997). Teaching as Possibility: A Light in Darkness Times. A Publication of Lesley College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. From: The Journal of Pedagogy, Pluralism & Practice, Issue 1 vol.1: Spring 1997. Retrieved from https://www.sendspace.com/file/2icpf3 on 02 March

The cause of obesity can be found in an obese society Essay

The cause of obesity can be found in an obese society - Essay Example This essay "The cause of obesity can be found in an obese society" outlines the connection between society and the level of obesity. The general belief is that obesity’s primary causes is simple gluttony, promoted by consumer access to high-fat, palatable food products which incentivises choosing extreme consumption levels (Drewnowski and Spector 2004). However, there is evidence that obesity is caused by poor human nutrition factors as well as socio-psychological factors within a society. For the most part, obesity can be attributed to societal factors within an obese society and those who argue that genetic factors happen to be a contributor, which are beyond the control of the average consumer, maintain little justification due to the rarity of hereditary conditions underpinning obesity development. It is the obese society, itself, which exacerbates this problem in developed societies and this research illustrates what justifies such an assertion. Poor nutrition largely underpins the prevalence of increasing obesity rates in developed countries. One study which examined 5,200 women in the United States found that women who sustained food insecure households as a result of being at the poverty line had higher rates of being obese than women with more stable incomes (Basiotis and Lino 2002). A more recent, longitudinal study found a substantial correlation between childhood obesity and levels and food insecurity resultant of poverty conditions in the household (Eisenmann, et al. 2011).

Paradise Now and Then Essay Example for Free

Paradise Now and Then Essay Understanding who the characters were and the reasoning for their actions was missing. Learning on how and why they started fighting was a challenge faced while watching this film. The lack of seeing relationships form and how the fighting started was a major difference compared to Paradise Now and then. During this ninety-minute production it was very clear on the relationships the characters held with one another. The roles each character played were easily connected back to the plot and helped unfold later scenes because of the apparent character attitude due to the time span of the film. The tactical plans behind the film’s attacks are showcased in very different ways. In The Battle of Algiers that attacks don’t show any planning before the actual attacks. The attacks on the street all just occur without planning. The attack upon the Palestinians is all of a car ride over to their community and a bomb explodes the building. The third attack from the Palestinians is all of three women changing their appearance to cross the border and the man creating the bomb. All that is left is the execution. Within Paradise Now and then the planning initially started nearly ten minutes into the film and wasn’t executed until eighty minutes later at the end. Since this plot takes so long to actually play out, it shows the emotions of the characters as to how they feel about their assignment. This also helps grasp an emotional level with Said and Khaled. Watching them go through the process and make decisions contributes to understanding of their different personalities. The Battle of Algiers, is a continuous strike to one side, then a counterattack from the other side. An in depth reason as to how the battle was started, the tactics behind the different attacks, and why specific person(s) were responsible for performing the attack was unclear because of the short time span. The music in The Battle of Algiers helped lead the viewer to certain feelings in various scenes. During the first attack scene from the Palestinians the music was dark and evil. This music type didn’t support the attacks of the Palestinians and seemed to take the other side. But when the Palestinians were attacked, the music was sad and remorseful suggesting feeling bad for the victims and their loss. The same music type took place while the French colonists bombed the Palestinian building. The music was dark and evil but when the French were bombed, the music was depressing and gloomy. Within the twenty-six minutes the film never chose protagonists and antagonists. The setting of the films played a big role on what the sides were actually fighting for. In the beginning of Paradise Now and then, while Said and Khaled are smoking they are sitting upon a hill. The camera is set from behind them looking down over their town suggestion they have power and control. This is showing whom they would be fighting for and the mass number of people who would be affected. Said crosses the border and walks along a highway of huge open land. Also Said and Khaled walk downtown together through towering buildings. The two scenes suggest the size of the opponent. In The Battle of Algiers, all of the scenes occur in the small streets of France and it appears as if the battle is being fought within one community. The camera is taking the view of a character on the street during the battles suggestion that neither side has power over the other. While one story crosses the street to fight for their people, the other crosses the border. Film making decisions can very easily pull in a viewer to the themes and motives of a plot. In The Battle of Algiers, the viewer does not get pulled into the battle. The film lacks the interest of one side over another and without this choosing of a protagonist verse an antagonist, the viewer cannot feel emotionally tied into the battle. Also without being introduced to any characters, the viewer in unclear to who is really being put at risk with each attack, who is gaining or losing what from the attacks, and what is actually being gained or lost. The only influence on the attacks that the viewer is aware of is that one side attacked another, so they must strike back. The filmmaking decisions do not shape the viewers attitude toward any character in this film. In Paradise Now and then, the viewer follows Said and Khaled through their journey to supposedly the end of their lives. The viewer is able to feel why the characters choose to go along with their mission, what is at stake if the mission is attempted, and what will be gained and lost if the mission is successful. Religion is a big factor that influences Said and Khaled to become suicide bombers. Khaled asks, â€Å"What happens after death? † He gets an answer of â€Å"Two angels will pick you up. † This is very satisfying for Khaled and Said to hear. Remarks are often made throughout the film regarding God. That they are doing their people and God a favor. Also â€Å"We do what we have to, God decides the rest. † At first they know what they will do will affect their people and help solve this fight, but then when Khaled talks to Suha, she talks him out of the bombing telling him that maybe if they don’t strike back that Israel will back off. The viewer is drawn to the fact that Khaled and Said are not fighting for violence or to kill, they are fighting for their people and God. The camera work while Said is talking about his father helps the viewer feel sympathetic for his loss of his father. The camera slowly zooms in on Said as he describes his father and this captures the viewer’s attention and pulls the viewer in as if Said is talking directly to the viewer. The viewer is also influenced to want Said and Suha together. Suha is only around when she is with Said. After the first scene Khaled tells Said that he thinks Suha likes him. After that the viewer is drawn to believe there is a connection between the two. This affects the later scene when Suha tries to influence Said not to fight because now the viewer is torn between having Said sacrifice himself for his people and God, or wanting Suha and Said to be together. Suha’s last appearance is while she is siting down at her table gazing at a picture of Said. The films do not showcase the political issues at stake in the historical situations. In the stories, all that is at stake within the plots are peoples’ lives. Whether it is a shooting on the street or a suicide bombing across the boarder, which kills the bomber and the victim. No other issue takes a bigger role in these two plots that the loss of peoples’ lives. It does seem correct as Suha said; if the opposing side doesn’t have a reason to strike back, the fighting will stop. The two films are stories of bombings between two different sides but are introduced through different means of filmmaking decisions. These different tactics shape the viewer’ attitude towards the bombing itself and the characters within the plot. In The Battle of Algiers, the viewer is influenced to oppose fighting due to one strategy, which is music choice. In Paradise Now and then, the viewer is influenced by the will to fight, which is an example of setting. Both films are stories about bombing but draw the audience into the plot with different tactics and strategies.

Functional areas of Cadburys and Sainsburys Marketing :: Marketing, Business, Customer Service

Functional areas of Cadburys and Sainsbury's Marketing Cadburys marketing is very important to them, for example; every now and then, they send a sales assistant round the stores to make sure that the store has a big clump of the world famous purple â€Å"home colours† so that the Cadburys chocolate is well sold. Cadburys have released 3 posters this summer on the new range of bars of dairy milk. In 2003 they have released 5 successful posters which raised their profit margin. Over the years the way Cadburys and advertise their products has seen many changes. They're very important to Cadburys because they affect the way you think about Cadbury and their products. Cadburys look at information that has already been collected and recorded. This is known as secondary data. Cadbury also have a big website pictured below in which people can be informed of the business. Sainsbury's Marketing includes their online shopping website above and posters around the shopping malls, Sainsbury's also have a television contract with Jamie Oliver with the slogan ‘Making life taste better’. Customer services Customer service is the part of Cadburys that tries to make sure customers are satisfied with the good or service they are buying. Without customers Cadburys couldn’t survive. Cadburys treat their customers is very important. Customer services can be: Pre-sales services – services for customers before customers have made a purchase; After sales Services – services which are available to customers after they have made a purchase. Staff working in customer services deal with matters such as making sure that products are delivered on time, providing help if the

Literature Review Celebrity Chef Essay

This review should bring all relevant facts about the subject and facilitate practitioners and highlight areas for further research. In short celebrity endorsement is about endorsing products with the help from a celebrity. Consumer association towards a celebrity endorsed produced increases their purchase intention as many see the celebrity as a role model. However, it is important that the consumer can identify with the celebrity and that the celebrity? s image fits with the produced he or she endorses, only then will celebrity backing be an effective advertising strategy. . 2. Background and Definition Nowadays, celebrities are used in advertising in almost every context. Athletes such as Michael Ballack (Adidas) or Tiger Woods (Rolex) or models such as Cindy Crawford (Omega) or Heidi Klum (Katjes) endorse several products. These celebrities act as a spokesperson in order to advertise and promote products (Kambitsis et al. , 2002). Celebrities can create more positive responses to wards advertising and greater purchase intentions than non-celebrity endorsers (Byrne et al. , 2003). Using celebrity as an endorser for a given product can either be positive or negative for a company/brand. A campaign that turned out successfully was the campaign with Jamie Oliver as an endorser for the supermarket chain J. Sainsbury. The successful format of the TV production â€Å"The naked chef† provided an ideal platform to use for the advertising campaign within a context relevant for J. Sainsbury? s desire (Byrne, 2003). An example of a campaign that did not turn out successful was when J. Sainsbury used the actor John Cleese in the â€Å"value to shout about† campaign in 1998. Employees and customers alike felt that Cleese was not the right personality to personify the supermarket’s quality image (Whitehead, 2003). In the literature there are two different definitions of celebrity endorsers used. The definitions used are: â€Å"A celebrity endorser is an individual who is known to the public (actor, sports figure, entertainer, etc. ) for his or her achievements in areas other than that of the product class endorsed†. (Friedman, 1979, p. 63) â€Å"Any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses the recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement†. McCracken, 1989, p. 310) In other words these definitions says that an individual who is known to the public in different ways. The individual is famous and utilizes his or her publicity to advertise a product that does not have anything to do with the individual fame. I consider McCracken? s definition as the most informative one as it is short and concise. The definition gives a clear view of what a celebrity endorser is. Previous studies have been done on consumers? response to celebrity endorsement in advertising. Results of these studies show that celebrities make advertising believable and enhance message recall. Furthermore, when celebrities are recognized with brand names, it creates a positive attitude toward the brand and a distinct personality for the endorsed brand. In the following chapter the method used for this review will be introduced. The chapter will start with how a literature review is defined, followed by the literature search, method problems and quality standards. 2. 1. Definition of literature review Conducting a literature review is about understanding a topic that has already been addressed, how it has been researched by other authors, and what the key issues are (Hart, 1998). According to the author Chris Hart (1998) the definition of a literature review is the selection of available documents; both published and unpublished (in my review I will only study published academic documents), on the topic, which contains information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint. 2. 2. Literature search, methodology used When searching for articles I used the databases Emerald, Ebsco and ProQuest. These databases were used because of the highest ranked journals in the field of marketing were listed there. I used the article Journal quality list (2008) issued by Harzading. com, research in international and cross-cultural management. High ranked journals increase the validity of the thesis, as validity is defined as â€Å"The ability of a scale or measuring instruments to measure what is intended to be measured†(Zinkmund, 2000). I also tried to find books relevant to the topic by using the library here at Les Roches International School of Hotel management as well as the library database google. scholar. . 3. Description of sub-topics Purchase intentions: Describes what impact the celebrity endorser has on the consumers purchase intentions. A consumer is more likely to purchase complex or expensive products which are endorsed by celebrities rather than by non-celebrities. Daneshvary and Schwer (2000) point purchase intention as an environment of associations between endo rsement and consumer, depending if the consumer can identify with that association and purpose. Consumers? association to celebrity endorsement/endorser: How consumers associate/have a connection towards the celebrity endorsement/endorser. If a company want a consumer to associate to an endorsed product it is important to choose an endorser who uses the product and where that use is a reflection of professional expertise (Daneshvary and Schwer, 2000). A formula 1 driver endorsing helmets is good, while a tennis player endorsing car polish is less good (ibid). Consumers? attitudes towards the endorser: The consumers? often have a positive attitude towards the product and the celebrity, despite the fact, that it is well known, that the endorser earned a lot when promoting the product (Cronley et al. 1999). Effectiveness of celebrity endorsement/endorsers: How effective is the usage of celebrity endorsement. It is, most likely, more effective to use celebrity endorsement constantly to increase the strength of the link between the celebrity and the endorsed brand. It is also more effective to use a celebrity who is not associated with another product (Till, 1998). Positive/negative effects of celebrity endorsement: the usa ge of celebrity endorsement can be both positive and /or negative, which can influence the company / brand in the end. For example, using celebrities can be very costly; also, celebrities might switch to a competitor, which would then increase the risk of a negative impact (Agrawal and Kamakura, 1995). However, in can be said that celebrities in advertising are widely spread and persistent and the marketing executives continue to utilize celebrity endorsement as an advertising strategy (ibid). Profitability of celebrity endorsement: The use of celebrity endorsement will hopefully lead to increased profitability. A study indicates that there is a positive impact of celebrity endorsement on the expected future profits, which recommends marketing managers to use celebrity endorsers in their advertising campaigns (Agrawal and Kamakura, 1995). Friedman/Friedman (1979)Does effectiveness of celebrity endorsement depend on the product? Interviews with 360 house wives Celebrity endorsements are not effective for all products Till (1998)What are the effects of celebrities endorsing more than 1 product? Case study with 99 students, who were shown different advertisings using the same celebrity endorserThe use of the same celebrity endorser to advertise for various products has got a negative impact on the efficiency of the ad, the product and the endorser. Atkin / Block (1983)Is celebrity endorsement effective in advertising and how does it influence customer purchase intentionsExperiment with 196 test persons, where each participant was shown 3 versions of an ad. Each version featuring a celebrity endorser and a non-celebrity. Advertising using celebrity endorsement is under special conditions more effective than using non-celebrities. Choi et al. (2005)How can celebrities be used successfully in advertising? How effective is the recall-value and the emotional response to celebrity advertising? Experiment with different groups of test persons. Advertising with celebrities is more effective than using non-celebrities under special conditions. Sanbonmatsu / Kardes (1988)How does the credibility of a celebrity affect the consumer purchasing intention? Interviews with 542 persons. Consumer purchasing intentions are more effected using celebrities than using non-celebrities. Tripp et al. (1994) How do consumers judge the celebrity endorsement, the ad and the brand, if the celebrity endorses various products? What are the effects on purchasing behaviour? First Study: interviews with 461 students. Second Study: Interview with 10 test persons. Simultaneous advertising trough the same celebrity has a negative effect on the ad, the product and the celebrity. Agrawal/Kamakura (1996)Which economical effects on advertising are there when using celebrities? Event-Study in regards to the effects on share prices trough the announcement of celebrity endorsementCelebrity endorsement can have a positive and a negative effect on share prices. Agrawal/Kamakura (1995)Can a single celebrity have a positive effect on the company? s value? Analysis of the share price of a company after announcing a celebrity endorserCelebrity endorsement can have a positive and a negative effect on share prices. Charbonneau / Garland (2005)How does a company find the right celebrity endorser for its products? Which criteria should be considered? Questionnaires: 414 marketing managers at 148 advertising companies.

D. H. Lawrence “Piano” analysis Essay

The passing of time in a person’s life is filled with many different stages. The poem â€Å"Piano† by D.H. Lawrence is a complicated example of how a poet might think. The speaker in â€Å"Piano† is proud to be a full grown man, yet he loves remembering his happy childhood; his nostalgic attitude causes him to feel guilty as if he had betrayed his present state of being. Through effective imagery, Lawrence is able (to describe an image) to help the reader understand the speaker’s nostalgic attitude. The diction and tone used in this poem reveal the speaker’s struggle as his feelings mix between his desire to be a man and his desire to return to his childhood. The rhyme and structure of the poem keep the reader in tune with the flow of the poem. In this poem a man struggles to remain a man while fighting off his memories of the past, which he feels would be uncharacteristic of his present maturity. The imagery in this poem helps to describe a picture in the reader’s mind so that the reader can sympathize with the speaker during his journeys into the past. In the first stanza, in the first line, the first image is of a woman. In the fourth line the reader learns that this woman is the speaker’s mother. The third line shows an image of a â€Å"child sitting under the piano . . . pressing the small, poised feet of a mother who smiles.† This image gives the reader an image, perhaps of a parlor room, of a child about three or four years of age enjoying the music produced by his mother. The love of the mother shines through her smile as she reciprocates to the child’s gentle touch. Later, in the second stanza, the contrasting image of a cold, snowy night in the winter and the cozy parlor causes the â€Å"hymns† to seem doubly warm. This represents the traditional image of a grand family sitting around a warm, crackling fire; they sing carols together and just enjoy each other’s company. The piano in the first and second stanza is described as â€Å"tingling strings† and â€Å"tinkling piano† respectively. These light sounds help support the warm cheery atmosphere during that time. These memories are what cause the grown man to be nostalgic for his past. The diction and tone of the poem also show the author’s mixed feelings in the poem. The poem begins with the line, â€Å"softly in the dusk† to open the poem with a light, airy image. â€Å"Vista of years,† are words used to show his  nostalgia as he walks down memory lane. He remembers the â€Å"boom† of the piano, which would seem loud to a child who is four-years-old. In the second stanza, he is a little more negative about his memories. The song he is listening to â€Å"betrays me back.† He feels that these memories should not be felt with such emotion because they cause him to â€Å"weep† as he reluctantly returns to his past. The last line of the poem is also negative as the speaker breaks down and goes â€Å"down the flood of remembrance.† He again flows down the flood reluctantly into the past. The tone is quite the same, supporting the diction that the author remembers a happy past, but is reluctant in continuing to do so. H e is happy to remember his past, but he feels his â€Å"manhood is cast down.† This poem’s structure and rhyme help bring an organization to the way the speaker shares his mixed feelings. The lines are coupled so that every two lines rhyme. The poem is structured so that in each of the three stanza the author describes an image of the present in the first two lines, and then the last two lines are spent describing his comfortable past. The second line of each stanza speaks of the vehicle that sends him back to the past while the third line of each stanza shows his increasing distress. In the first stanza it’s the singing woman that takes him â€Å"down the vista of years.† Next, the song takes him to â€Å"the old Sunday evenings at home.† Finally, the â€Å"great black piano† reminds him of the past. The continuing conflict of the speaker’s emotions is described as he enjoys his memories, yet he despises his continuing nostalgia. The author uses diction and tone in this poem to reveal the speaker’s struggle as his feelings mix between his desire to be a man and his desire to return to his childhood, and rhyme and structure to keep the reader in tune with the flow of the poem. Lawrence names the poem â€Å"Piano† and thus one is poised to assume the piano is the key element of this poem; however, this is an example of a poet’s encouraging the reader to search for a deeper meaning.

Women and Political Life

Women and Political Life Introduction Historically, women have been on the wrong side with fewer political and legal rights as compared to men. Even in career opportunities, women have failed to secure high positions due to male dominance.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women and Political Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is as if these women still live in the colonial world. However, as compared to the colonial woman, today’s woman has achieved significantly rights that they never had or participated. Traditionally, the society viewed women as people with low intellectual power and weak to perform muscular tasks. They therefore subjected them to motherhood and wifehood. Nonetheless, the dawn of the 20th century saw women assume some roles that men described superior to women. In fact, during the colonial times, women could note even vote to elect a leader. Voting was a prerogative of men. Some nations prohibited wom en from schooling and instead, assigned them household cores. Since the dawn of the 20th century, women in some nations gained their right to vote, started attending schools and colleges to get education and some even acquired big jobs including political seats. This did not happen just by chance. Women had to fight in order to gain such rights. It was not easy to change a society deeply rooted in traditionalism and traditions that segregated women to accept ‘feminization’. In order to gain political and legal rights, women had to convince the society to reevaluate its traditional views on women. The current society not only views women as a creative foundation of human life, but also, equal with men. In the past, the society considered women intellectually inferior compared to male. In addition, the society that mainly constituted male dominance considered women as the spring of evil and enticement. For instance, in the ancient Greek mythology, a female by the name Pan dora, opened the forbidden box and from there came despondency and plagues that continues to invade human beings even up to today. On the other hand, in the Roman world, the society enacted laws that portrayed men as children, perpetually lesser to men. Surprisingly, even the then theological teachings condemned women as a spring of all evil and wickedness (DinKin, 1995, pp. 1-12). For example, St. Jerome who served Christian Church as a Father in the fourth century wrote that women were like the gateway of the fiend, the conduit of impiety, serpent’s sting, and overall, a dangerous object. Other theologians also had their own way of describing women. Thomas Aquinas in one of his theological sermons said that God created women to act as assistants to men, and that their main role was to conceive.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He went further to say that if me n needed assistance, only other men will assist them. In Asia and particularly in the Middle East, the society was fair towards women. In countries like India, women had the right to own property and exercise other freedoms. However, after 500 BC, Hinduism evolved and set out new dimensions regarding women. According to Hinduism, women had to respect men and always be obedient towards men. In addition, the religion prohibited women from walking in front of men. Moreover, the religion disallowed women from owning property and prohibited widows from remarrying. In general, the society valued a male child more than a female child. The paper examines the roles of women during colonial times. Further, the paper will examine how the roles of a colonial woman have changed to fit the modern environment. In the past, women participated in roles different from the contemporary. The paper will analyze the past and present roles of women and as to whether these roles befit women. Even with the changed roles, women still face enormous challenges. Yes, it is true there are opportunities for women all over the world, but the society continues to delegate minor responsibilities to women. History has shown that if societies grant women personal and intellectual freedoms, women can achieve great things. For example, history portrays women as hardworking when it comes to political and legal matters aimed at changing the society that all of us live in. in the Middle Ages, women who participated in church activities as nuns, performed imperative roles that later shaped religion in Europe. The aristocratic women performed vital societal roles emanating from the reputation and authority they had. From one era to another, women rulers influenced generations towards achieving success. For example, women rulers like Queen Elizabeth who ruled England in the 16th century remains an icon even up to today. On the other hand, the political lives of Catherine the Great of Russia and Victoria of England remain great inspiration to women around the world who aspire to be political leaders (Elaine, 2005, pp. 13-41). Role of Colonial Women in Political Life During the colonial period, women had few roles to participate. This is because the society did not value women much and instead, it delegated household responsibilities to women. These and many other legal injunctions ensured women never participated politics and other public sphere cores. However, during American Revolution, perceptions about women started changing slowly. Women had to fight to have a say in political life and other freedoms. In United States, men dominated the public space of both politics and occupation. Thus, women had to fight in order to join their male counterparts in political life. They instigated liberation fronts to demand the denied freedoms. Little they know that the struggle had to take more time than expected. Nevertheless, they never got discouraged easily but instead, increased their d etermination and strength to achieve the denied freedoms.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women and Political Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although they did not achieve all of their rights, women assumed new responsibility termed â€Å"Republican Motherhood† that improved their accessibility towards educational prospects and gave them a chance to take part in public roles. Ironically, women did not achieve full lawful egalitarianism and voting citizenship (Compton New Media Incorporation, 1995, p.1). In America, there were three types of women with different roles. These included African, Native Indians and Europeans. These women had specific roles that they performed within their societies. In most cases, these roles were traditional in nature. For example, preparing meals was the role of women. Women also wove clothes, took care of children and taught them how to be good citizens. When col onial masters entered America, they got appalled with the way women performed these household chores. They especially goy mesmerized with the manner in which women stayed around homesteads raising children, doing artistry works, cultivating farms. Men engaged themselves in hunting, building houses and doing fishing. Consequently, the colonies established commercial companies and employed men to work for them. However, with time, the colonial masters wanted to instigate permanency in their mining and tobacco firms. Therefore, they decided to employ women. The roles of women did not change because they got involved in farming for the colonial masters. Life was not easy for them in colonial farms. In fact, some of them even died of diseases, while the few who survived got married to rich men (Brown, 1996, pp.70-82). Women never participated in politics but helped men in making political rights. The fact that women never voted is a surety that women were mere creatures in political deci sion-making. In fact, the society required women to get married before they reach 25. Any woman who was not married above this age became a social misfit. Surprisingly, as soon as they got married, the laws considered them dead. It is this particular law that prohibited them from participating in politics and instead delegated them household chores. Moreover, women had no control over family earnings, land or property acquisition and never appeared in legal courts to give evidence. These curtailments became obstacles for women to participate in politics. Thus, their political life was doomed and reduced to hearsay rather than actively participating in it (Kamensky, 1995, p. 41-43). Changed Roles Women have fought tirelessly to gain political status. For example, since 1920, American women participate in election through voting. Nevertheless, they still have long way to go as their political roles are quite minimal.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, up to today, no woman has served United States presidency. In United States, women serve in senate and governor posts. Until recently, Hillary Clinton, the wife of former President Bill Clinton, served as the senator of New York. She is currently the chief diplomat of United States serving as the Secretary of State in Obama Administration. In Africa, the president of Liberia is a woman while is Asia, the sitting president of Philippine is a woman. Today, most nations allow women to elect their leaders and women have the right to vie to vie for political seats. Thus, the contemporary woman has the role of electing leaders she wishes. Major constitutional amendments all over the world have awarded women parliamentary seats and in some governments, women get automatic percentage of seats to serve either in the public service or in politics. Today, women have the right to own and inherit property (Eileen, 2009, pp. 8-43). Historical versus Contemporary Roles of Women The hi storical women engaged themselves in household chores leaving prestigious roles to men. This is because the society considered women inferior to men in all spheres of life. For instance, in past, women could not participate in politics, practice medicine, preach or become lawyers leave alone appearing in court to give evidence. However, with long struggles coupled with civilization, women now enjoy varied positions in politics, medicine, teaching, writing, teaching and many more. It is important to note that the political gear termed â€Å"feminization† contributed greatly during the women movement in America and Europe. They instigated reforms that saw men change their attitudes towards women. In the colonial era, the societies disallowed women from schooling. As a result, many women did not know how to read and write. At a snail’s pace, major political reforms in many countries for example, United States saw acceptance of girl child education. In 18th century, women could acquire professional education but limited to medicine. The few medical schools present trained women on obstetrics only. However, a century later, women started training in other medical field like nursing. Research done in 1890 showed that about five percent of doctors in United States were women ninety years later, the percentage increased to 17 percent. (Compton New Media Incorporation, 1995, p.1) In the past, women could not even give evidence in court. However, this has changed where women can now take law as a profession, previously regarded as a man’s job. Statistics reveal that by 1989, there were as many as 22 percent women lawyers and judges. In addition, women serve in other professions like engineering previously dominated by men. However, there is still a challenge as women regard themselves inferior to men. That has seen many women take simple careers like teaching art subjects leaving science and engineering fields to men. Research shows that there are m any women working as elementary school teachers than other levels of learning like high schools, colleges and universities. The few who teach colleges and universities handle disciplines like home economics, sociology, art subjects and nursing. In other positions of work, women serve as less involving positions like secretarial, bookkeeping, typing and other service jobs that do not require much energy. During the Second World War, women had the opportunity to serve in the Army just like their male counterparts but as secretaries, nurses and typists. However, they contributed significantly in the war through resisting underground movements. In other countries like Israel, women are almost equal with men where both male and female recruited in the force participate in full combat training. Thus, it is clear women can perform chores initially preserved for men. Unlike in the past where women only performed household chores and farming, the contemporary woman can do diverse jobs includ ing working as a civil servant or serving people in politically. In United States alone, women constitute about 45 percent of working Americans. Unlike in the past, women are now assuming managerial positions ranging from managers to head of private and government institutions. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 saw women start earning the same salary like their male counterparts. Thus, women are now in a position to own property. With money, women can engage in active politics and compete with their male counterparts for political seats. Despite these major changes, the contemporary woman still participates in historical roles performed previously by the colonial women. For example, the contemporary society still believes that women should perform household tasks like washing, cleaning and cooking. It is quite hard to find a man involving himself in any of these tasks. Research indicates that majority of women perform household cores in addition to raising children. Nevertheless, some men a re now involving themselves in these activities especially in homes where both the husband and wife work as employees. Challenges facing women Poverty Poverty remains an issue affecting most households. In most cases, women from poor backgrounds lead a poor political life. Many of them do not participate in choosing their leaders. Poverty-stricken women are prone to human rights violation. Many of them do not have accessibility to basic needs and clean water. These are many other inadequacies violate women’s human rights. In some countries, women fail to secure employment due to sex discrimination. They end up leading a poor life. In some situations, women receive less pay as compared to men. Traditional practices that prevent women from inheriting property and land remain a major challenge to women ailing from uncivilized communities. If the society denies women right to education, those women will remain ignorant and live a wretched life. Institutions and Electoral Laws In many countries, institutional and electoral laws prevent men from participating fully in the political arena. These laws contain some element of exclusion that locks out women from exploiting their political ambitions. For example, in Europe, the uninominal voting system has prevented women from acquiring political seats as many view it as an acme of individualizing the process of competition. The system supports famous women who might be holding other constitutional offices hence making them double office holders. Such scenario becomes detrimental to the ordinary women, as it tends to maintain the political class through feminization. This feminization enters government level and showers it with oligarchic manners to continue developing self-replicating elites (Council of Europe, 2003, pp. 23-26). Opportunities for women Gender Equality Once imposed, gender equality will earmark a new era in the political lives of women, as they will favorably compete with their male counterparts m inus favoritism. For a long period, politics has been the preserve of men. However, women can use their numbers and trespass this perception. Gender equality break fundamentalism of any kind, discard male superiority and promote competition. In addition, countries that have successfully imposed gender equality have empowered women and instilled gender hierarchy in their system of governance. Parity Democracy This great opportunity will make women shine politically if fully adopted. Under parity democracy, both women and men represent a certain institution. Some researchers call it a mechanism of rethinking democracy even as people continue to deliberate on it. Parity democracy leads to social partnership between male and female hence forming a social contrast. Where there is democracy, women do not exist on paper, but they actively participate in politics to promote democratic edifice (Council of Europe, 2003, p. 23). Reference List Brown, M. (1996). Good Wives, Nasty Wenches Anxio us Patriarchs.   The University of North Carolina Press. Compton New Media Incorporation. (1995). Women’s History in America. Retrieved from wic.org/misc/history.htm Council of Europe. (2003).The Participation of Young Women in Political Life. Strasbourg: European Youth Centre. DinKin, R. (1995). Before Equal Suffrage: Women in Partisan Politics from Colonial  Times to 1920. Westport: Greenwood Press. Eileen, M. (2009). The Motherless State: Womens Political Leadership and American  Democracy. University of Chicago Press Elaine, C. (2005). Elite Women in English Political Life c.1754-1790. Oxford University Press. Kamensky, J. (1995).  The Colonial Mosaic 1600-1760.   Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Learning Antiracism

Louise Derman-Sparks and Carol Brunson Phillips’ Teaching/Learning Antiracism offers a curious glimpse into a course aimed at fighting racism. The co-authors provide the reader with an approach to combating racism in the classroom with theoretical background as well as practical strategies for achieving this end. While I was initially confused about how this text might relate to a course on special education, it soon became clear that racism, like ADD and LD, imposes a severe limitation on the ability of many students to learn in a typical classroom. The text begins with a startling, yet quite appropriate, theoretical stance towards the problem of racism. Later, this theory is used to justify the pedagogical approach of these two teachers in their actual classroom. Much of the theory used in the beginning of this text is reminiscent of a classic text on racism called The Nature of Prejudice, written some fifty years ago. The authors clearly lay out some of the evidence indicating that we still live in a racist society. They also account for the rationalizations behind racism and the historical basis for many of the modern forms of racism that continue to persist. One of the statements that really struck me was in regard to the field of psychology and its response to this issue: while denial, delusions, projection, phobias, and distortion are all scientifically recognized psychological disorders – and all aspects of racism racist behavior is still not recognized as a mental illness. This text also makes it clear that the issue of racism is as damaging to the oppressed as it is to the oppressors. It is interesting to me that we have a number of clinically recognized â€Å"special needs† which demand accommodations of various kinds in the classroom. Each of these needs is to some extent recognized by the general public as legitimate, while at the same time is viewed with suspicion by others. For example, while it is... Learning Antiracism Free Essays on Teaching/Learning Antiracism Louise Derman-Sparks and Carol Brunson Phillips’ Teaching/Learning Antiracism offers a curious glimpse into a course aimed at fighting racism. The co-authors provide the reader with an approach to combating racism in the classroom with theoretical background as well as practical strategies for achieving this end. While I was initially confused about how this text might relate to a course on special education, it soon became clear that racism, like ADD and LD, imposes a severe limitation on the ability of many students to learn in a typical classroom. The text begins with a startling, yet quite appropriate, theoretical stance towards the problem of racism. Later, this theory is used to justify the pedagogical approach of these two teachers in their actual classroom. Much of the theory used in the beginning of this text is reminiscent of a classic text on racism called The Nature of Prejudice, written some fifty years ago. The authors clearly lay out some of the evidence indicating that we still live in a racist society. They also account for the rationalizations behind racism and the historical basis for many of the modern forms of racism that continue to persist. One of the statements that really struck me was in regard to the field of psychology and its response to this issue: while denial, delusions, projection, phobias, and distortion are all scientifically recognized psychological disorders – and all aspects of racism racist behavior is still not recognized as a mental illness. This text also makes it clear that the issue of racism is as damaging to the oppressed as it is to the oppressors. It is interesting to me that we have a number of clinically recognized â€Å"special needs† which demand accommodations of various kinds in the classroom. Each of these needs is to some extent recognized by the general public as legitimate, while at the same time is viewed with suspicion by others. For example, while it is...